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第39章(第1页)

[21]hadj,éoires,70塔布提整首诗有六十五组对句,其阿拉伯语和法语版本可见ualah,&ldo;nostroupesd&rso;afrieetl&rso;alleagne,&rdo;494–520

[22]ynier,l&rso;algérierévélée,271–274

[23]ynier,l&rso;algérierévélée,280–282;élia,l&rso;algérieetlaguerre,257–260,270–276;augtbernard,l&rso;afriedunordpendantlaguerre(paris:lespressesuniversitairesdefrance,1926),94,tableii

[24]peterdennisetal,eds,theoxfordpaniontoatralianilitaryhistory(lbourne:oxforduniversitypress,1995),104–109;cedricntiplay,afightgality:newzealandersatwar(wellgton:ah&awreed,1979),13

[25]jasillan,&ldo;40,000horsen:aoir,&rdo;archivesnewzealand,alexanderturnbulllibrary,sx-5251;terrykloch,devilsonhorses:thewordsoftheanzacstheiddleeast,1916–19(auckland:exislepublishg,2007),32–34;rolandperry,theatralianlighthorse(sydney:hachetteatralia,2009),38–43

[26]十二位新西兰远征军老兵接受了auriceshadbolt的采访,他们回顾了征募的动机,见voicesofgallipoli(auckland:hodderandstoughton,1988)。特雷沃&iddot;霍尔姆登的文件被收藏于alexanderturnbull图书馆,wellgton,newzealand,s-papers2223

[27]jeffreygrey,ailitaryhistoryofatralia,3rded(cabrid:cabriduniversitypress,2008),88;chrisherpugsley,theanzacexperience:newzealand,atraliaandepirethefirstworldwar(auckland:reed,2004),52–55,63;fredwaite,thenewzealandersatgallipoli(auckland:whitbeandtobs,1919),10–19

[28]关于印度对英国与奥斯曼帝国的态度,见alrnonrubold,water射ddia,1914–1922(london:athlonepress,1979),9–10

[29]pgelgood,egyptandtheary(oxford:oxforduniversitypress,1924),1,42–43

[30]摘自robkiln,&ldo;callguptheepire:thebritishilitaryeofnon-whitelaborfrance,1916–1920&rdo;(phddiss,harvarduniversity,1990),262–263

[31]ahadshafiq,hawliyatasral-siyasiyya[埃及政治年鉴](cairo:atba`ashafiqpasha,1926),1:47–48

[32]peterhopkirk,onsecretserviceeastofnstantople:theplottobrgdownthebritishepire(london:johnurray,2006),66–84;seaneek,theberl-baghdadexpress:theottoanepireandrany&rso;sbidforworldpower,1898–1918(london:allenlane,2010),90–92

[33]摘自budheswarpati,diaandthefirstworldwar(newdelhi:atlanticpubli射rs,1996),12

[34]pati,diaandthefirstworldwar,15–16

[35]pati,diaandthefirstworldwar,18–21

[36]judithbrown,oderndia:theorigsofanasiandeocracy,2nded(oxford:oxforduniversitypress,1994),195;robertholland,&ldo;thebritishepireandthegreatwar,1914–1918,&rdo;theoxfordhistoryofthebritishepire,vol4:theentiethcentury,edjudithbrown与williarorlouis(oxford:oxforduniversitypress,1999),117;pati,diaandthefirstworldwar,32–38

[37]数十份证词,包括两位穆夫提的,载于revueduondeulan29(deceber1914),该书为纪念法国穆斯林和战争的特别版,收有北非宗教人士的相关声明,(阿拉伯语,附有法语翻译)。

[38]jascdougall,historyandthecultureofnationalisalria(cabrid:cabriduniversitypress,2006),36–43;peterhee,&ldo;salihash-sharifat-tunisi,anorthafricannationalistberldurgthefirstworldwar,&rdo;revuedel&rso;oidentulanetdeladiterranée33(1982):89–95

[39]tilanl&uul;dke,jihadaderany:ottoanandranpropagandaandtellinceoperationsthefirstworldwar(&uul;nster:litverlag,2005),117–125;hee,&ldo;salihash-sharifat-tunisi,&rdo;90

[40]奥斯曼当局的审讯手稿保存在安卡拉土耳其军事档案馆,见ahttetik,yserdardeirta?和seadeirta?,&edil;anakkaleuharebeleri&rso;nesirleri‐ifadelervektuplar[加里波利战役战俘:证词与信件](ankara:nelkuraybas?vi,2009),1:93–94

[41]来访的阿拉伯显贵中,有著名的阿尔及利亚起义领导人,airabdal-qadir之子airalipasha,他既是阿尔及利亚的流放者,也是1911年利比亚战争的老兵。参见élia,l&rso;algérieetlaguerre,230–237;hee,&ldo;salihash-sharifat-tunisi,&rdo;91

[42]peterhee在他关于萨利赫&iddot;谢里夫的文章中声称,德国档案并未提供证据证明战俘遭胁迫,尽管其中有&ldo;报告称,这些愿意为土耳其效力的人&rdo;,因&ldo;前去土耳其的行程遭延误&rdo;还表示了愤怒。hee,&ldo;salihash-sharifat-tunisi,&rdo;94n12艾哈迈德&iddot;本&iddot;侯赛因的证词可以证明这一点。

第四章

揭幕战:巴士拉、亚丁、埃及与地中海东部

奥斯曼帝国经过几个世纪的征服与冲突,终于换来今天的疆土,可谓身经百战。然而,帝国却从未像1914年11月参加第一场全球性大战时那样,陷入四面楚歌、腹背受敌的境地。奥斯曼帝国边境线长达7500英里,其海岸线绵延经过黑海、波斯湾、红海以及地中海,因此有众多防御上的薄弱点。

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